A burning question for IS managers is whether and how their companies can address the challenges of today's turbulent environments and build a competitive advantage. Competitive advantage in turbulent environments is largely based on undertaking change better, faster, and cheaper than the competition. Therefore, in turbulent environments, companies must rapidly change, adapt, and reconfigure themselves in order to quickly match the changing environment. Since long-term strategy is difficult in turbulent environments, the advice for managers is to institute flexible and agile companies.