William D. Spangler is an organizational psychologist specializing in the study of leader personality, behavior, and performance. His work makes use of the manual and computer-based content analysis of archived materials. Dr. Spangler is a Fellow of the Bernard M. and Ruth R. Bass Center for Leadership Studies at the State University of New York at Binghamton, where he is also Associate Professor Emeritus. He earned a bachelor of arts degree and a master of arts degree in Chinese language and history, as well as an MBA, from the University of Chicago, and a PhD in organizational psychology from the University of Michigan. He can be reached at spangler@binghamton.edu.